synthetic peptide comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Updated 2025-11-15. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Quality varies among research-grade suppliers, so certificates of analysis and independent testing are important for verification. A typical certificate reports purity by HPLC, identity by mass spectrometry, appearance, and sometimes residual solvents or water content. AOD9604 is often sold as a research chemical not intended for human consumption, and labels can be inaccurate. Common misconceptions include treating the peptide as a form of growth hormone, assuming supplement status, or expecting approved-drug quality from unregulated products.
AOD9604 is commonly supplied as a white to off-white lyophilized powder. The powder is typically stored at -20 °C or below, protected from light and moisture, because peptides can degrade through oxidation, hydrolysis, or aggregation. If it is reconstituted for laboratory use, an appropriate aqueous buffer or solvent is chosen, and the solution is kept cold and handled to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. These practices support stability but do not imply suitability for human use.
Research interest in AOD-9604 often focuses on whether it can influence lipid metabolism without the growth-promoting or glucose-related effects of full-length hGH. This question remains unresolved, and findings depend on model, dose, and measurement method. Some reviews treat the peptide as a historical obesity candidate rather than an active therapeutic. Others cite it in discussions of peptide fragments, metabolic signaling, and performance-enhancing substances. Clear conclusions are limited by the small number of rigorous, independent human studies.
AOD-9604 has been investigated primarily as a potential treatment for obesity and related metabolic conditions. Early laboratory work examined its effects on fat cells, and later studies moved into animal models and human clinical trials. Some trials reportedly reached Phase II, but the program did not lead to an approved medicine. Published summaries often note that weight-loss results were modest or inconsistent. The full trial data are not all publicly available in detail.
Regulatory treatment of AOD-9604 has varied. In sports anti-doping, the peptide became widely discussed during a 2013 investigation into an Australian professional sports club. Authorities at the time debated whether it fell under prohibitions on growth hormone and related substances. Later clarifications and updated lists have addressed the compound in different ways. Anyone seeking current status should consult the latest applicable rules, and commercial supply for human use is not authorized in major markets.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilized form; visual inspection |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and aqueous buffers | Depends on pH, purity, and counterion |
| Typical storage | -20 °C or below, desiccated | Protect from light; avoid repeated freeze-thaw after reconstitution |
| Common analytical method | Reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry | Purity by HPLC; identity and mass by LC-MS or MALDI-TOF |
| Common synonyms | hGH fragment 176–191; AOD-9604 | Names vary in research and product labeling |
Clinical development of AOD-9604 included trials in people with obesity. Reports from early-phase and mid-phase studies described modest or inconsistent changes in body weight. A phase IIb program did not meet its primary endpoint, and the compound was not approved for medical use. Differences in formulation, delivery route, and participant characteristics may explain some of the variation. Later investigations explored whether the peptide might have effects in other tissues, including cartilage.
Regulatory treatment of AOD-9604 is shaped by its classification as a peptide hormone. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists it as a prohibited substance, and many national anti-doping organizations adopt that list. It does not hold approval as a prescription medicine in the United States, the European Union, or other major markets. Products sold online are frequently labeled for research use only and may not undergo independent quality testing. Import and possession rules differ by country, so legal status depends on local law.
Proposed mechanisms for AOD-9604 focus on fat cells. Laboratory studies suggest the peptide can increase lipolysis, the breakdown of stored fat, and reduce lipogenesis, the formation of new fat. Unlike full human growth hormone, it does not appear to stimulate substantial IGF-1 production in the studies reported so far. Some evidence points to beta-adrenergic signaling, but the precise receptor targets and downstream pathways remain unresolved. The fragment is not thought to act through the classical growth hormone receptor.
Interest in AOD-9604 arose from attempts to separate metabolic effects from growth effects attributed to hGH. Early work explored whether the fragment could influence lipolysis or fat oxidation without promoting growth. Those questions remain partly unresolved because human data are limited and results have varied across studies. The peptide is not a hormone replacement for hGH and is not equivalent to hGH in clinical use. Its research history includes both laboratory studies and commercial marketing claims that are not the same as regulatory approval.
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide whose structure corresponds to a C-terminal segment of human growth hormone. It is often described as hGH fragment 176-191, a 16-amino-acid sequence. The peptide was designed to isolate a region of hGH associated with fat metabolism while avoiding the full hormone's growth-promoting actions. Laboratory and commercial materials typically present it as a lyophilized powder for research use. Its identity is defined by amino acid sequence, not by a single brand.
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== Development from 'Peptide 3' == 'Peptide 3' is a 12-amino acid linear peptide corresponding to amino acids 51 to 62 of mature human chemokine CCL2. It is formed from L-amino acids with the sequence NH2-Glu-Ile-Cys-Ala-Asp-Pro-Lys-Gln-Lys-Trp-Val-Gln-OH (or in single letter code NH2-EICADPKQKWVQ-OH). 'Peptide 3' was found to be a Broad-Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitor inhibiting chemotaxis of human myelomonocytic cell line THP-1 monocytes and human neutrophils induced by a range of chemokines including CCL2, CCL3, CXCL8 and CXCL12 with roughly equal potency of 10μM, but not migration induced by other non-chemokine chemoattractants such as n-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) or TGF-β. Biotinylated 'Peptide 3' was found to bind to THP-1 cells with a disassociation constant of roughly 10μM. This suggested that 'Peptide 3' functions as a chemokine receptor antagonist. This mechanism was later proved to not be in action.
New Zealand eGates utilise biometric technology, comparing the photo of your face in your ePassport with the photo taken of you at the gate to confirm your identity. To ensure eGate can do this, travellers must look as similar to their ePassport photos as possible and remove any glasses, scarves, or hats they were not wearing when their passport photo was taken. eGate can handle minor changes in your face, for example, if the traveller's weight or hair has changed. Customs, Biosecurity, and Immigration officials utilise information provided at eGates, including photos, to clear travellers and their items across New Zealand's border. Biometric information is kept for three months before destruction. Still, other information, including about movements across New Zealand's border, is kept indefinitely and handled in accordance with the Privacy Act 1993, or as the law authorises. This might include information being used by or shared with other law enforcement or border control authorities. Since 1 July 2019, visitors from the 60 Visa Waiver countries require a New Zealand electronic Travel Authority (NZeTA). This is an online application, and additional toolkits and requirements for airlines and travel agents can be downloaded from the New Zealand Immigration website. Singapore: The enhanced-Immigration Automated Clearance System (eIACS) is available at all checkpoints for Singapore citizens, permanent residents, foreign residents with long-term passes, APEC Business Travel Card holders, and other registered travellers.
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Sources: en.wikipedia.org
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== Career == Coon was a postdoctoral student in Donald Hunt's lab at the University of Virginia from 2002 to 2005. There Joshua Coon and John Syka developed electron-transfer dissociation (ETD). In 2005, Coon joined the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He became an associate professor in 2010, and a professor in 2012.
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Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Lyophilized AOD9604 is generally kept at -20 °C or colder, desiccated, and protected from light. Reconstituted solutions are usually refrigerated and handled to minimize repeated freeze-thaw cycles. These are general laboratory handling practices, not instructions for human use.
Mass spectrometry, such as LC-MS or MALDI-TOF, confirms the molecular mass and can reveal sequence-related impurities. Reversed-phase HPLC is used for purity, and peptide mapping or amino acid analysis can support sequence identity. No single method establishes every quality attribute.
No. AOD9604 is a short synthetic fragment of the hGH sequence, not the full 191-amino-acid hormone. It lacks the regions that mediate hGH receptor activation and growth-promoting effects. Products labeled as AOD9604 should not be assumed to have the same properties as hGH.
No major medicines regulator appears to have approved AOD-9604 for human therapeutic use. It has been studied in clinical trials, but those programs did not result in a marketed drug.